In May and June of 1863, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S.
Grant's armies converged on Vicksburg, investing the city and entrapping
a Confederate army under Lt. Gen. John Pemberton. On July 4, Vicksburg
surrendered after prolonged siege operations. This was the culmination
of one of the most brilliant military campaigns of the war. With the
loss of Pemberton's army and this vital stronghold on the Mississippi,
the Confederacy was effectively split in half. Grant's successes in the
West boosted his reputation, leading ultimately to his appointment as
General-in-Chief of the Union armies.